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Definition of compound microscope.
A compound microscope is a type of microscope that uses two or more lenses to magnify an object. The lenses work together to provide a higher level of magnification and a clearer image than a simple microscope. The main parts of a compound microscope are the objective lenses, which are located near the specimen, and the eyepiece lens, which is located near the observer's eye. The objective lens is responsible for the majority of the magnification and the eyepiece lens magnifies the image further. Compound microscopes are widely used in biology, medicine and material science, for observation and research of small specimens.
Discovery of microscope
The light microscope, also known as the optical microscope, is a type of microscope that uses visible light to illuminate the specimen and create an image. The invention of the light microscope is credited to Anton van Leeuwenhoek, a Dutch scientist and tradesman who lived in the 17th century. Van Leeuwenhoek was not a professional scientist, but he had a keen interest in natural history and was able to create some of the most powerful microscopes of his time. He used single-lens microscopes, which consisted of a single convex lens mounted in a tiny aperture, and he was able to achieve magnifications of up to 200 or 300 times. He used these microscopes to study a wide range of specimens, including blood cells, microorganisms, and fibers. He was the first person to see and describe single-celled organisms, and observed bacteria and protozoa, in addition to spermatozoa and blood cells. His observations were widely accepted, and he corresponded with the Royal Society, sharing his observations and illustrations. This led to the development of microscope optics and the emergence of Microscopy as a field of study. It was not until the 19th century that the compound microscope, which uses multiple lenses to magnify an object, was developed and widely used in scientific research.
Types of compound microscope
There are several types of compound microscopes, each with their own unique features and uses. Some common types include:
Bright field microscope
This is the most basic type of compound microscope and is typically used for viewing transparent or lightly-colored specimens. It uses a single source of light to illuminate the specimen and create a bright background, making it easy to see the specimen.
Dark-field microscope:
This type of microscope is used to view samples that are difficult to see with a bright-field microscope. It uses a special condenser lens to scatter light around the specimen, creating a dark background and making it easier to see the specimen. <Phase contrast microscope
This type of microscope is used to view living cells and other transparent specimens. It uses a special type of objective lens to enhance the contrast of the specimen and make it easier to see.
Fluorescent microscope
This type of microscope is used to view specimens that have been treated with special dyes that fluoresce when exposed to certain wavelengths of light. It uses a special light source and filter system to excite the fluorescence in the specimen and make it easier to see.
Principle of compound microscope
The principle of a compound microscope is based on the use of multiple lenses to magnify an object. A compound microscope typically consists of two sets of lenses: the objective lens and the eyepiece lens. The objective lens is located closest to the object being viewed and is responsible for the majority of the magnification. The eyepiece lens is located closest to the observer's eye and is used to further magnify the image and enhance the resolution.
When light passes through the objective lens, it is focused onto the specimen and forms an inverted and enlarged real image. This image is then magnified further by the eyepiece lens and forms an erect image, which is observed by the user. The overall magnification of the microscope is calculated by multiplying the magnification of the objective lens by the magnification of the eyepiece lens.
The compound microscope uses a system of lenses to form an image, this system of lenses is called the optical system, which allows for a much greater magnification and resolving power than a simple microscope. The quality of the image also depends on the quality of the lenses, and the quality of the optics. The quality of the image can also be affected by the wavelength of light used, the aperture of the lens, and the distance between the lenses.
It's important to note that the resolution of a microscope is limited by the wavelength of light used and the aperture of the lens and is known as Abbe limit. Modern microscope use special techniques like confocal or superresolution microscopy to bypass this limit and achieve higher resolution.
Parts of compound microscope:
A compound microscope is composed of several parts that work together to magnify an object and create a clear image. The main parts of a compound microscope are:
1.Eyepiece: The eyepiece is the lens closest to the observer's eye and is used to further magnify the image. It typically has a magnification of 10x.
Objective lenses: The objective lenses are located closest to the specimen and are responsible for the majority of the magnification. There are typically several objective lenses with different magnifications, such as 4x, 10x, 40x, and 100x.
Nosepiece: The nosepiece holds the objective lenses and allows the user to rotate and switch between different lenses.
Body tube: The body tube connects the eyepiece and the nosepiece and holds the lenses in place.
Stage: The stage is the platform on which the specimen is placed. It typically has clips to hold the specimen in place and may have a built-in light source.
Illuminator: The illuminator is the light source that illuminates the specimen. It may be a built-in light source on the stage or a separate light source that can be adjusted.
Diaphragm: The diaphragm controls the amount of light that reaches the specimen. It can be adjusted to increase or decrease the contrast of the image.
Focus knobs: The focus knobs are used to adjust the distance between the objective lens and the specimen, allowing the user to focus the image.
Base: The base of the microscope provides support for the microscope and may have a built-in storage area for accessories.
Some compound microscope also has special features like fine focus knob, course focus knob, iris diaphragm, and mechanical stage, these features are added to improve the image quality and to make the observation of the specimen more comfortable.
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